Wave Motion and Optics


Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation

 
reference 1
reference 2

 

Wavelengths of visible light
ColourWavelength
nm
purple400…450
blue450…490
green490…560
yellow560…590
orange590…630
red630…700

 

Refractive indexes of different materials

Air 20°C, 1,013 bar
Fraunhofer lineABCDEFGH
Wavelength (nm)760,8686,7656,3589,3527,0486,1430,8396,8
SourceOO{H}_{\alpha }NaFe{H}_{\beta  }FeCa
Colourredredorangeyellowgreenbluebluepurple
acryl1,491
ice ( 0°C ) ys1,309
                   es1,311
calsiumfluoride1,4311,4321,4331,4341,4351,4371,4401,442
calsium-
carbonate ys
1,6501,6531,6541,6581,6641,6681,6761,683
                     es1,4831,4841,4851,4861,4891,4911,4941,498
glass, crown1,5051,5071,5081,5101,5141,5161,5221,525
glass, silicon1,6031,6061,6081,6131,6191,6251,6351,645
sodium chloride1,5371,5401,5411,5441,5491,5531,5611,568
silica ys1,5391,5411,5421,5441,5471,5501,5541,558
                    es1,5481,5501,5511,5531,5561,5591,5631,568
diamond2,417
benzene1,4911,4941,4961,5011,5081,5131,5201,534
diethyl ether1,3491,3501,3511,3531,3551,3571,3611,364
ethanol1,3581,3591,3601,3621,3641,3661,3711,374
glycerol1,4651,4661,4671,4691,4721,4751,4801,484
carbon disulfide1,6091,6151,6181,6281,6411,6521,6771,699
water1,3291,3301,3311,3331,3351,3371,3411,344
ys = the general rule radius
es = special rule radius

 

Refractive index of air

Dry air 15°C, 1,013 bar
Wavelength
nm
Refrective indexWavelength
nm
Refractive index
2001,00032566001,0002763
2501,00030146501,0002758
3001,00029077001,0002753
3501,00028508001,0002746
4001,00028179001,0002742
4501,000289610001,0002739
5001,000278115001,0002733
5501,000277120001,0002730

 

Lightings

TargetRecommended illumination
lx
Interior
demanding reading and writing500
reading newspapers300
cooking300
handicraft1000
kitchen general lighting150
general lighting of other rooms80
Office
demanding drawing2000
ordinary office work500
conference room300
School
ordinary class room300
drawing and craft class500
lobby and aisle80

 

The relative color sensitivity

reference

 

Hearing area

 
reference

 

The speed of sound in the medium

Solids and liquids 20°C
Gases NTP
MediumSpeed*)
m/s
MediumSpeed
m/s
Metals
aluminium5080
beryllium12550
silver2790
gold2030
copper3800
lead1200
magnesium5070
molybdenum6250
nickel4900
platinum2820
iron (steel)5100
zinc3810
Muut kiinteät aineet
concrete4300
granite4000
ice (-4°C)3280
cap500
glass, crown5000
         siliconium4000
porcelaine4880
wood3500
brick3650
Liquids
acetone1190
bentzene1326
liquid silver1450
ethanol1168
glycerol1900
water ( 0°C )1403
        ( 20°C )1484
        ( 40°C )1529
        ( 60°C )1540
        ( 80°C )1555
        ( 100°C )1543
Gases
ammonia415
argon319
bromine135
oxygen316
           ( -183°C )912
helium965
carbon dioxide260
carbon monoxide338
air ( -40°C )307
           ( -20°C )319
           ( 0°C )331,4
           ( +20°C )343
           ( +40°C )354
           ( +60°C )365
chlorine206
methane430
neon435
nitrogen334
            ( -197°C )869
the water vapor  ( 100°C )405
                   ( 135°C )495
hydrogen, lightweight1284
         heavy890
* Solids longitudinal progression of a thin rod.

 

The sound intensity levels

Source soundintensity level dB
hearing threshold0
breathing10
leaves swish10-30
the ticking of the clock20
whisper30
quiet voice or music40
discussion50-70
computer30-50
fridge / freezer30-50
microwave45-65
dishwasher50-75
washer60-85
vacuum cleaner75-90
traffic70-85
school canteen80
motorcycle competitions85-90
grass trimmers70-95
drill95-105
motor mower85-100
chainsaw100-115
rock concert, disco100-120
small airplane100
thunder, rock drill110
the pain threshold125
jet engine130-135
alarm siren130
immediate hearing damage140
cannon, tear the eardrum180

 

Safety limits

Noise level dBTime
858 h
884 h
912 h
941 h
9730 min
10015 min
1037 min
1063 min